“…if children do not learn to decode or read in early years and grades, they would have difficulties succeeding in education and later in life. It is impossible for an illiterate learner to accomplish meaningful and desirable results in academic subjects at school.” (p.1) Source:

Mkandawire, S. B. (2022). A Comparative Assessment of Grade One Learners’ Reading Achievements Between Speakers and Non-Speakers of the Language of Instruction in Multilingual Classes of Lusaka Vis-À-Vis Monolingual Classes of Katete District of Zambia [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. The University Of Zambia In Association With Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences. Read the thesis on this link

Read the complete PhD thesis on this link